The Won-Dollar Exchange Rate Soared Above 1,420 Won: What's the Fundamental Reason?
π Summary
The recent sharp rise in the KRW/USD exchange rate to 1,423 won stems from a complex interplay of factors: the U.S. abandonment of the gold standard (Nixon Shock), the subsequent addition of employment goals by the Federal Reserve, intensified net selling of Korean government bonds by foreigners, and the Bank of Korea's difficulty in lowering interest rates due to surging domestic apartment prices.
π Why it matters! (Significance and context)
The current surge in the KRW/USD exchange rate is not merely a short-term market fluctuation. It is connected to the historical context of the global financial system, including the fundamental shift in U.S. monetary policy in the 1970s, the expansion of the Fed's role, and the introduction of the dollar index. Particularly, the value of the Korean won is weakening faster relative to major currencies. This is the combined result of large-scale selling of Korean government bonds by foreign investors and domestic economic factors (rapid apartment price increases), necessitating a deep understanding and preparedness for exchange rate volatility.
π₯ Key Takeaways
1️⃣ Historical Background of Abandoning the Gold Standard and Dollar Depreciation
- Abandoning the Gold Standard (Nixon Shock): In 1971, amid skepticism over the indiscriminate issuance of dollars to fund the Vietnam War, countries like France demanded gold redemption. In response, U.S. President Nixon halted dollar-gold conversion, abandoning the gold standard.
- Plunge in Dollar Value: Following the Nixon Shock, the value of one ounce of gold skyrocketed from $35 to $1,000, causing the value of the U.S. dollar to plummet to one-thirtieth of its previous level.
- Fed Goal Shift and Policy Failure: The Fed, whose sole objective had been inflation control, added maximum employment as a goal, burdening it with two tasks. Then-Fed Chairman Arthur Burns attempted to curb inflation through wage and price controls instead of raising interest rates. Instead, he implemented interest rate cuts and quantitative easing, which, compounded by the oil shock, amplified inflation.
- Introduction of Core Consumer Price Index: An attempt was made to reduce inflation by creating the Core Consumer Price Index, which excluded items experiencing sharp price increases like oil and grains.
2️⃣ The Birth and Limitations of the Dollar Index (DXY)
- Emergence of Dollar Value Measurement Issues: After the collapse of the gold standard, a new metric was needed to measure the dollar's value.
- Introduction of the Dollar Index: In 1973, the **Dollar Index (DXY)** was created to measure the dollar's relative value against the currencies of major trading partners, setting its base value at 100 as of 1973.
- Limitations of the Dollar Index Basket Composition: Weights were set based on 1973 data, heavily reflecting the euro (57.6%), and it currently excludes major trading partner China.
3️⃣ Direct factor behind won weakness: Foreign net selling of government bonds
- Relative weakness of the won: Despite the recent decline in the dollar index (dollar weakness), the won-dollar exchange rate has risen rapidly, suggesting the won is weakening much faster than other major currencies.
- Massive net selling of Korean government bonds: Foreign investors are selling government bonds at an unprecedented pace, including net selling of approximately ₩12.3761 trillion worth of Korean government bond futures over seven trading days.
- Signal of Capital Outflow: Selling government bond futures acts as a signal to the market, leading to spot selling and dollar conversion, which in turn triggers increased dollar demand and won weakness. Foreign selling pressure can induce a ‘herding phenomenon’, amplifying exchange rate and bond market volatility.
- Link to the Surge in Domestic Apartment Prices: The sharp rise in Seoul apartment prices is making it difficult for the Bank of Korea to cut interest rates. This, in turn, stimulates bondholders' desire to sell bonds and realize profits, indirectly affecting the exchange rate.
4️⃣ Weakening of Exchange Rate Defense Mechanisms
- Various Negative Factors: Factors such as the difficult US-Korea tariff negotiations and downward revisions to economic growth forecasts are dampening foreign investor sentiment.
- Cessation of Currency Hedging: The cessation of currency hedging between the National Pension Service and the Bank of Korea is reducing exchange rate defense tools.
- Difficulty in Artificial Market Intervention: Due to the agreement with the US, artificial exchange rate adjustments are discouraged, and any market intervention must be disclosed. This makes drastic exchange rate stabilization measures (such as the “lunchbox bomb”) difficult to implement as in the past.
π In summary
The current sharp rise in the KRW/USD exchange rate stems from a combination of long-term trends—such as the structural changes in the global financial system since the 1970s, including the abandonment of the gold standard and the Fed's adoption of multiple objectives—and short-term, domestic factors. These include recent large-scale net selling of Korean government bonds by foreign investors and constraints on the Bank of Korea's ability to cut interest rates due to the sharp rise in domestic apartment prices. Particularly significant is the relatively rapid weakening of the won's value compared to other major currencies, which is a key driver amplifying volatility in both the exchange rate and bond markets. Government and central bank intervention tools to curb sharp exchange rate fluctuations are also more limited than in the past, suggesting high exchange rate volatility will persist for the foreseeable future.
π·️ Keywords
#USDKRW #KRWUSD #ExchangeRateSurge #NixonShock #GoldStandard #DollarIndex #KoreanGovernmentBonds #NetForeignSelling #WonDepreciation #BondMarket #CoreCPI #HerdTrading
1,420μ λκ² μΉμμ μλ¬λ¬ νμ¨, κ·Έ κ·Όλ³Έμ μΈ μ΄μ λ?
π νμ€μμ½
μ΅κ·Ό μλ¬λ¬ νμ¨μ΄ 1,423μκΉμ§ κΈλ±ν νμμ λ―Έκ΅μ κΈλ³Έμμ ν¬κΈ°(λμ¨ μΌν¬)μ λ€μ΄μ μ°μ€μ κ³ μ© λͺ©ν μΆκ°, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νμ¬ μΈκ΅μΈμ νκ΅ κ΅μ± μλ§€λ μ¬ν λ° κ΅λ΄ μννΈ κ°κ²© κΈλ±μΌλ‘ μΈν νκ΅μνμ κΈλ¦¬ μΈν μ΄λ €μ λ± λ³΅ν©μ μΈ μμΈλ€μ΄ μμ©ν κ²°κ³Όμ.
π μ μ€μνκ°! (μλ―Έμ λ§₯λ½)
νμ¬μ μλ¬λ¬ νμ¨ κΈλ± νμμ λ¨μν λ¨κΈ°μ μΈ μμ₯ λ³λμ΄ μλ, 1970λ λ λ―Έκ΅μ κ·Όλ³Έμ μΈ ν΅ν μ μ± λ³νμ μ°μ€μ μν νλ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€μ λμ λ± κΈλ‘λ² κΈμ΅ μμ€ν μ μμ¬μ λ§₯λ½κ³Ό μ°κ²°λ¨. νΉν, νκ΅μ μν κ°μΉλ μ£Όμ ν΅ν λλΉ λ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ½νλκ³ μμΌλ©°, μ΄λ μΈκ΅μΈ ν¬μμλ€μ νκ΅ κ΅μ± λκ·λͺ¨ λ§€λμΈμ κ΅λ΄ κ²½μ μμΈ(μννΈ κ°κ²© κΈλ±)μ΄ λ³΅ν©μ μΌλ‘ μμ©ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘, νμ¨ λ³λμ± νλμ λν μ¬λ μλ μ΄ν΄μ λλΉκ° νμν¨.
π₯ ν΅μ¬ ν¬μΈνΈ (Key takeaways)
1️⃣ κΈλ³Έμμ ν¬κΈ°μ λ¬λ¬ κ°μΉ νλ½μ μμ¬μ λ°°κ²½
κΈλ³Έμμ ν¬κΈ°(λμ¨ μΌν¬): 1971λ λ² νΈλ¨ μ μ λΉμ© μ‘°λ¬μ μν λ¬λ¬ 무λΆλ³ λ°νμ λν μꡬμ¬μΌλ‘ νλμ€ λ±μ΄ κΈ κ΅νμ μꡬνμ, λ―Έκ΅ λμ¨ λν΅λ Ήμ΄ λ¬λ¬-κΈ κ΅νμ μ€λ¨νλ©° κΈλ³Έμμ λ₯Ό ν¬κΈ°ν¨.
λ¬λ¬ κ°μΉ κΈλ½: λμ¨ μΌν¬ μ΄ν κΈ 1μ¨μ€ κ°μΉκ° 35λ¬λ¬μμ 1,000λ¬λ¬λ‘ νλ±νλ©°, λ―Έκ΅ λ¬λ¬ κ°μΉκ° 1/30 μμ€μΌλ‘ κΈλ½ν¨.
μ°μ€ λͺ©ν λ³κ²½ λ° μ μ± μ€ν¨: μΈνλ μ΄μ λ°©μ΄λ§ λͺ©νμλ μ°μ€μ μ΅λ κ³ μ© λͺ©νκ° μΆκ°λμ΄ λ κ°μ§ μμ λ₯Ό μκ² λ¨. λΉμ μ°μ€ μμ₯ μμ λ²μ¦λ κΈλ¦¬ μΈμ λμ μκΈκ³Ό λ¬Όκ° ν΅μ λ‘ μΈνλ μ΄μ μ μ‘μΌλ € νκ³ , μ€νλ € κΈλ¦¬ μΈν λ° μμ μνλ₯Ό μννλ©° μ€μΌμΌν¬μ κ²Ήμ³ μΈνλ μ΄μ μ μ¦νμν΄.
κ·Όμ μλΉμλ¬Όκ° λμ : μ κ°, 곑물 λ± λ¬Όκ° κΈλ± νλͺ©μ μ μΈν κ·Όμ μλΉμλ¬Όκ°λ₯Ό λ§λ€λ©° μΈνλ μ΄μ μ μΆμνλ €λ μλκ° μμμ.
2️⃣ λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€(DXY)μ νμκ³Ό νκ³
λ¬λ¬ κ°μΉ μΈ‘μ λ¬Έμ λ°μ: κΈλ³Έμμ λΆκ΄΄ ν λ¬λ¬μ κ°μΉλ₯Ό μΈ‘μ ν μλ‘μ΄ μ§νκ° νμν΄μ§.
λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€ λμ : 1973λ λ―Έκ΅κ³Ό μ£Όμ κ΅μκ΅ ν΅ν λλΉ λ¬λ¬ κ°μΉλ₯Ό μλμ μΌλ‘ μΈ‘μ νλ **λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€(DXY)**κ° λ§λ€μ΄μ‘μΌλ©°, κΈ°μ€ μμ (1973λ )μ κ°μΉλ₯Ό 100μΌλ‘ μ€μ ν¨.
λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€μ λ°μ€μΌ κ΅¬μ± νκ³: 1973λ κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ κ°μ€μΉκ° μ€μ λμ΄ μ λ‘(57.6%)κ° κ°νκ² λ°μλμκ³ , νμ¬ μ£Όμ κ΅μκ΅μΈ μ€κ΅μ΄ λΉ μ Έμμ λ±μ νκ³κ° μ‘΄μ¬ν¨.
3️⃣ μν μ½μΈμ μ§μ μ μΈ μμΈ: μΈκ΅μΈ κ΅μ± μλ§€λ
μνμ μλμ μ½μΈ: μ΅κ·Ό λ¬λ¬ μΈλ±μ€κ° νλ½(λ¬λ¬ μ½μΈ)νμμλ μλ¬λ¬ νμ¨μ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μμΉνμ¬, μνκ° λ€λ₯Έ μ£Όμ ν΅νλ³΄λ€ ν¨μ¬ λ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ½ν΄μ§κ³ μμμ μμ¬ν¨.
λκ·λͺ¨ νκ΅ κ΅μ± μλ§€λ: μΈκ΅μΈ ν¬μμλ€μ΄ 7κ±°λμΌ λμ μ½ 12μ‘° 3,761μ΅ μ κ·λͺ¨μ νκ΅ κ΅μ± μ λ¬Όμ μλ§€λνλ λ± μλκΈ μλλ‘ κ΅μ±λ₯Ό λ§€λνκ³ μμ.
μκΈ μ μΆ μ νΈ: κ΅μ± μ λ¬Ό λ§€λλ νλ¬Ό λ§€λμ λ¬λ¬ νμ μΌλ‘ μ΄μ΄μ Έ λ¬λ¬ μμ μ¦κ° λ° μν μ½μΈλ₯Ό μ λ°νλ μ νΈλ‘ μμ₯μ μμ©ν¨. μΈκ΅μΈ λ§€λμΈλ 'μΆμ’ λ§€λ§€(Herding) νμ'μ μ λ°νμ¬ νμ¨κ³Ό μ±κΆμμ₯μ λ³λμ±μ μ¦νμν¬ μ μμ.
κ΅λ΄ μννΈ κ°κ²© κΈλ±κ³Όμ μ°κ΄μ±: μμΈ μννΈ κ°κ²© κΈλ±μ νκ΅μνμ κΈλ¦¬ μΈνλ₯Ό μ΄λ ΅κ² λ§λλ μμΈμΌλ‘ μμ©νλ©°, μ΄λ μ±κΆ 보μ μλ€μ μ±κΆ λ§€κ° λ° μμ΅ μ€ν μꡬλ₯Ό μκ·Ήνμ¬ νμ¨μ κ°μ μ μΈ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ¨.
4️⃣ νμ¨ λ°©μ΄ μλ¨μ μ½ν
λ€μν λΆμ μ μμΈ: λλ―Έ κ΄μΈ νμ λν, κ²½μ μ±μ₯λ₯ μ λ§ νν₯ μ‘°μ λ± λ€μν μμΈλ€μ΄ μΈκ΅μΈ ν¬μ μ¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό μμΆμν€κ³ μμ.
νν€μ§ μ€λ¨: κ΅λ―Όμ°κΈκ³Ό νκ΅μν κ°μ νν€μ§ μ€λ¨μ νμ¨ λ°©μ΄ μλ¨μ κ°μμν€κ³ μμ.
μΈμμ μμ₯ κ°μ μ μ΄λ €μ: λ―Έκ΅κ³Όμ ν©μλ‘ νμ¨μ λν μΈμμ μΈ μ‘°μ μ μ§μνκ³ μμ₯ κ°μ μ λ΄μ©μ 곡μ ν΄μΌ νλ μν©μΌλ‘, κ³Όκ±°μ κ°μ κΈκ²©ν νμ¨ μμ ν μ‘°μΉ(λμλ½νν)κ° μ΄λ €μμ§.
π μ 리νλ©΄
νμ¬ μλ¬λ¬ νμ¨μ κΈλ±μ 1970λ λ κΈλ³Έμμ ν¬κΈ°μ μ°μ€μ λ³΅ν© λͺ©ν μ€μ λ± κΈλ‘λ² κΈμ΅ μμ€ν μ ꡬ쑰μ λ³νμμ λΉλ‘―λ μ₯κΈ°μ νλ¦κ³Ό, μ΅κ·Ό μΈκ΅μΈ ν¬μμλ€μ νκ΅ κ΅μ± λκ·λͺ¨ μλ§€λμ κ΅λ΄ μννΈ κ°κ²© κΈλ±μΌλ‘ μΈν νκ΅μνμ κΈλ¦¬ μΈν μ μ½ λ± λ¨κΈ°μ μ΄κ³ κ΅λ΄μ μΈ μμΈμ΄ 볡ν©μ μΌλ‘ μμ©ν κ²°κ³Όμ. νΉν μν κ°μΉκ° λ€λ₯Έ μ£Όμ ν΅νμ λΉν΄ μλμ μΌλ‘ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ½νλκ³ μλ€λ μ μ΄ μ€μνλ©°, μ΄λ νμ¨κ³Ό μ±κΆ μμ₯μ λ³λμ±μ νλνλ μ£Όμ μμΈμ΄ λκ³ μμ. νμ¨ κΈλ³μ λ§κΈ° μν μ λΆλ μ€μμνμ κ°μ μλ¨λ κ³Όκ±°μ λΉν΄ μ νμ μΈ μν©μ΄μ΄μ, λΉλΆκ° λμ νμ¨ λ³λμ±μ΄ μ΄μ΄μ§ κ²μΌλ‘ μμλ¨.
π·️ ν€μλ
#μλ¬λ¬νμ¨ #νμ¨κΈλ± #λμ¨μΌν¬ #κΈλ³Έμμ #λ¬λ¬μΈλ±μ€ #νκ΅κ΅μ± #μΈκ΅μΈμλ§€λ #μνμ½μΈ #μ±κΆμμ₯ #λ³λμ± #κΈλ¦¬μΈν #κ·ΌμμλΉμλ¬Όκ° #μΆμ’ λ§€λ§€
π¨μ£Όμ: μ΄ λΈλ‘κ·Έ μλ£λ μ μκΆμ μν΄ λ³΄νΈλ©λλ€. λΈλ‘κ·Έμμ λ€λ£¨λ λ΄μ©μ ν¬μ κΆμ λ₯Ό λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ νμ§ μμΌλ©°, νΉμ κΈμ΅ μνμ λ§€μ λλ λ§€λλ₯Ό κΆμ₯νμ§ μμ΅λλ€. ν¬μ κ²°μ μ μ μ μΌλ‘ λ³ΈμΈμ μ± μ νμ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ νλ©°, μ΄ λΈλ‘κ·Έμμ μ± μμ§μ§ μμ΅λλ€.