The Sole Sociological Reason Humans Cite “Reason”: Charles Tilly's Analysis of The Usefulness of Why

The Sole Sociological Reason Humans Cite “Reason”: Charles Tilly's Analysis of The Usefulness of Why




๐Ÿ“Œ Summary

The Uses of Why*, authored by American historian and sociologist Charles Tilly, operates on the premise that humans are the only animals who articulate reasons. It conducts an in-depth analysis of how these reasons function across four categories (custom, narrative, code, scholarly argument), used not for the accuracy of actual causality but to define and supplement social relations.

*It is the book title of the Korean translation. The origianl English book's title is just <Why>


๐Ÿ“– Why it matters! (Significance and context)

The Uses of Reasoning focuses on the social function of the reasons we unconsciously or deliberately present in daily life. This is not a self-help book on “how to give reasons”, but an academic work that illuminates the structures and rules governing the act of presenting reasons itself within human social interaction and social relations. Charles Tilly focuses less on the truth of a reason and more on how well it suits the situation, and how it redefines, supplements, or modifies the social relationship between two people through that situation.


๐Ÿ”ฅ Key takeaways

1️⃣ Establishing four categories of justification: Charles Tilly classifies the ways humans present justification into four categories: custom, narrative, code, and scholarly argument, presenting the characteristics and usage contexts of each category. 

2️⃣ The core function of justification is managing social relations: The most important purpose of presenting justification lies in establishing, re-establishing, or modifying the social relations between two people.

3️⃣ Criteria for reason selection: No hierarchy exists among the four categories; the choice of reason depends on the social relationship(hierarchy, distance) between speaker and listener, and the prevailing circumstances.

4️⃣ Social influence and the utilisation of reason: The more socially influential an individual, the more they tend to employ reasons from these four categories appropriately and effectively, tailored to the situation and context.


๐Ÿ” To summarise

Charles Tilly“s The Usefulness of Why offers a sociological insight: the answers we give to the everyday question 'Why” – that is, reasons – are not merely explanations of causal relationships, but tools for navigating the social relationsessential to sustaining society. Through the four categories of custom, narrative, code, and scholarly argument, it emphasises that the appropriateness of a reason is determined not by its truthfulness, but by the situation and the socialstatus and distance between speaker and listener. By analysing complex human communication situations within a structured framework, the book suggests that the manner of presenting a reason is deeply linked to an individual's socialcapacity and influence. Ultimately, the author writes with the aim of crafting a “quality narrative” to make this analysis accessible to the general public.


๐Ÿ”Ž In-depth Analysis

1. Sociological Approach to Reasoning and Introduction of the Four Categories

  • Human Uniqueness: The discussion begins with the premise that humans are the only animals among countless species that articulate reasons.
  • Research Focus: The focus is not on the truthfulness of whether a reason is correct or incorrect, but rather on the sociological and academic interest in why humans present reasons in the first place.
  • Classification Criteria: Charles Tilly proposes two criteria to divide the act of presenting reasons into four categories.
    • Degree of universality or specificity.
    • Whether the explanation focuses on causality or relies on formulae.
  • Four Categories:
    • Universal and formulaic → Custom
    • Universal and causal explanation → Narrative
    • Specific and formulaic → Code
    • Specific and causal explanation → Scholarly Argument

2. The Function and Role of Convention

  • Definition and Examples: Explanations accepted as appropriate for a specific situation, such as “You're in luck” or “It was about time”.
  • Core Principle: Whether the explanation is factually accurate is less important than how well it fits the situation.
  • Situational Suitability: When spilling coffee, offering complex personal histories or physical explanations is inappropriate; the conventional reason “I'm clumsy, I'm sorry” suffices.
  • Re-establishing Social Relations: Reasons based on convention convey an implicit meaning to re-establish or supplement relationships without damaging them. Example: ‘It's my fault. You're the victim, but I don't want our relationship to become strained.’

3. Story (Narrative) Structure and Characteristics

  • Context of Use: Uncommon and exceptional, primarily used for events requiring causal explanation, such as significant, special, or embarrassing occurrences.
  • Role of the Story: Necessary to integrate exceptional events into the temporal fabric of everyday life.
  • Components:
    • Simplification of Cause: Reducing the cause to an extremely simplified version within what one perceives as the cause, among various possible causes.
    • Moral judgement: Distinguishes responsibility and praise while imparting lessons.
    • Causal framework: It is crucial to establish a causal framework that can be properly accepted by the other party.
  • Difference from academic discourse: Stories draw upon common sense, beliefs, and conventional knowledge to distinguish tragedy from comedy, morality from immorality within ordinary life.

4. Code: Standards and Application

  • Definition: A reason grounded in established rules, categories, or procedures; the result of collective efforts to impose order on the relationship between actors and concepts.
  • Examples: Legal rulings, a doctor's diagnosis of a disease, religious confessional rites, statements made during Nobel Prize award ceremonies, etc.
  • Core: Judgements or decisions are made based on how well they align with pre-established agreements and rules, rather than the accuracy of causal explanations.
  • Issue: Discrepancies between the common sense of ordinary people and the “code” valued by the law can lead to judgements that are difficult to comprehend.
  • Users: Code is primarily used among those recognised as holding specific positions.

5. Technical/Academic Discourse: Expertise and Communication

  • Definition and Characteristics: While it provides causal explanations like a narrative, it differs in that it relies on specialised knowledge or clear evidence.
  • Expertise: Highly specialised, enabling experts to use professional terminology (including abbreviations) to conserve communication effort and reaffirm group identity.
  • Disconnect with the general public: Professional academic discourse is difficult for laypeople to understand, necessitating a process of translating it into a narrative form for the audience.
  • High-quality narrative: Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel is presented as an exemplary work that successfully bridges the gap between the world of academic discourse and the narrative desired by the public.

6. The decisive influence of reason selection and social relationships

  • Absence of hierarchical superiority: It is a misconception to consider customs or stories as inferior reasonscompared to codes or academic treatises; there is no hierarchical superiority between these categories.
  • Criteria for selection: Whether a particular reason is acceptable depends solely on the situation and the social relationship between the two individuals (hierarchy, distance).
  • Hierarchical Relationship:
    • When a superior causes minor harm to an inferior: There is a tendency to minimise or omit the reason (e.g., when a parent scolds a child).
    • When an inferior causes harm to a superior: An explanation of the reason must be accompanied by an apology or acknowledgement (e.g., ‘I'm sorry, Team Leader. I was short-sighted.’).
  • Degree of distance:
    • Distant individuals (unspecified majority): A brief reason suffices (e.g., ‘My apologies. My mind wandered momentarily’).
    • Close individuals (lovers, close friends): A detailed reason must be provided to ensure understanding.
  • The Social Use of Reason: Regardless of profession, everyone navigates these four categories when offering reasons. The more socially influential the person, the more adept they are at using reasons appropriately and effectively.


๐Ÿท️ Keywords

#WhyItWorks #CharlesTilly #Reason #FourCategories #SocialRelationships #Customs #Narrative #Code #AcademicArgument #Communication






์ธ๊ฐ„์ด '์ด์œ '๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ด์œ : ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™œ์˜ ์“ธ๋ชจ ๋ถ„์„


๐Ÿ“Œ ํ•œ์ค„์š”์•ฝ

<์™œ์˜ ์“ธ๋ชจ>*๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž์ธ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์ œํ•˜์—, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(๊ด€์Šต, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ฝ”๋“œ, ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ )์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

*ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„œ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด๊ณ , ์˜์–ด ์›์„œ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ <Why>๋‹ค.


๐Ÿ“– ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€! (์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ)

์™œ์˜ ์“ธ๋ชจ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ '์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€'๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ €์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ, ๋ณด์™„, ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค.


๐Ÿ”ฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํฌ์ธํŠธ (Key takeaways)

1️⃣ ์ด์œ ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์ •๋ฆฝ: ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ด€์Šต, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ฝ”๋“œ, ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ.

2️⃣ ์ด์œ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ: ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ, ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์Œ.

3️⃣ ์ด์œ  ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์— ์šฐ์›” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ• ์ง€๋Š” ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ƒํ•˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ)์™€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง.

4️⃣ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์œ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ: ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ ์žฌ์ ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž„.


๐Ÿ” ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด

์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™œ์˜ ์“ธ๋ชจ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” '์™œ(Why)'๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต, ์ฆ‰ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์ž„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์Šต, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ฝ”๋“œ, ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ด์œ ์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ํ‹€๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ '์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ'๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•จ.


๐Ÿ”Ž ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ถ„์„

1. ์ด์œ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์†Œ๊ฐœ

  • ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ: ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•จ.

  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ดˆ์ : ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ธ์ง€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ด์œ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์™œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ , ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง.

  • ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฃ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ.

    • ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ ์ •๋„.

    • ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณต์‹์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€.

  • ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ:

    • ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹์— ์˜๊ฑฐ → ๊ด€์Šต

    • ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… → ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ

    • ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹์— ์˜๊ฑฐ → ์ฝ”๋“œ

    • ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… → ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ 

2. ๊ด€์Šต (Convention)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• 

  • ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€: '์žฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค', '๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค'์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์„ค๋ช….

  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ: ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ์  ์„ค๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ.

  • ์ƒํ™ฉ์  ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ: ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์Ÿ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, '๋ค๋ฒ™๋Œ€๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•จ.

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ: ๊ด€์Šต์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์ธ ๋œป์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ. ์˜ˆ: "๋‚ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์ด๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค."

3. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ (Story/Narrative)์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•

  • ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ: ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํฐ์ผ ๋“ฑ ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ.

  • ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.

  • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ:

    • ์›์ธ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”: ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ•์†Œํ•จ.

    • ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ: ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์นญ์ฐฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์‹ฌ์Œ.

    • ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์  ํ‹€: ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์ ์ธ ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ.

  • ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด: ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋…, ๊ด€์Šต์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ๋น„๊ทน๊ณผ ํฌ๊ทน, ๋„๋•๊ณผ ๋น„๋„๋•์„ ํŒ๊ฐ€๋ฆ„ํ•จ.

4. ์ฝ”๋“œ (Code)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ

  • ์ •์˜: ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™, ๋ฒ”์ฃผ, ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๊ฐœ๋… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž„.

  • ์‚ฌ๋ก€: ๋ฒ•์  ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ช… ์ง„๋‹จ, ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ์„ฑ์‚ฌ, ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ๋“ฑ.

  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ: ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช…์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ ์•ฝ์†, ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ•ฉํ•˜๋А๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง.

  • ๋ฌธ์ œ์ : ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” '์ฝ”๋“œ' ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ.

  • ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž: ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ.

5. ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ  (Technical/Academic Discourse)์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ต

  • ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง•: ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ธ๊ณผ๋ก ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ.

  • ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ: ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด(์•ฝ์นญ ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•จ.

  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ: ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.

  • ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ: ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์šด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ €์ž‘์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์žฌ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ์˜ 『์ด, ๊ท , ์‡ 』๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ.

6. ์ด์œ  ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ

  • ์šฐ์›” ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ: ๊ด€์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋‚˜ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋…ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €์—ดํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜คํ•ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์šฐ์›” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ.

  • ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ด์œ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ƒํ•˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง.

  • ์ƒํ•˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„:

    • ์œ—์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋žซ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ˜”์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ: ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ (์˜ˆ: ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ).

    • ์•„๋žซ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์œ—์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ˜”์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ: ์ด์œ  ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ •์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•จ (์˜ˆ: "์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€์žฅ๋‹˜. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์งง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.").

  • ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ:

    • ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(๋ถˆํŠน์ • ๋‹ค์ˆ˜): ์งค๋ง‰ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•จ (์˜ˆ: "์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž ๊น ๋”ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”").

    • ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(์—ฐ์ธ, ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ): ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ๋“์ด ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

  • ์ด์œ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™œ์šฉ: ์ง์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ ์žฌ์ ์†Œ์— ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ.


๐Ÿท️ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ

#์™œ์˜์“ธ๋ชจ #์ฐฐ์Šคํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ #์ด์œ  #๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฒ”์ฃผ #์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ด€๊ณ„ #๊ด€์Šต #์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ #์ฝ”๋“œ #ํ•™์ˆ ์ ๋…ผ๊ณ  #์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต


Charles Tilly (์ฐฐ์Šค ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ)


๐Ÿšจ์ฃผ์˜: ์ด ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋งค์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค๋„๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ•˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.